The European Commission’s (EC) Joint Research Centre (JRC) has concluded that HFO-1234yf refrigerant, jointly developed by Honeywell and DuPont, is safe for use in vehicles, according to press release by the European Union (EU). “…there is no evidence of a serious risk in the use of this refrigerant in MAC systems under normal and foreseeable conditions of use,” EU said in a press statement. The review further reinforces the conclusions by the German regulator KBA, which had said that “there is no sufficient supporting evidence to a serious risk that would entail the intervention of the authorities”.
The JRC made these assessments following a three-month evaluation during which it thoroughly reviewed the extensive testing done by several automakers, the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and independent test agencies.
Honeywell and DuPont have welcomed JRC’s conclusions. "The JRC's independent and unimpeachable report leaves no doubt that HFO-1234yf is safe for automotive applications," said Ken Gayer, vice president and general manager for Honeywell Fluorine Products. "DuPont is pleased with the final conclusions of the JRC, as they reinforce our high level of confidence that HFO-1234yf can be used safely in automotive air conditioning,” said Thierry Vanlancker, president, DuPont Chemicals & Fluoroproducts.
Ramp-up for demand, not just in Europe
Honeywell expects strong growth in demand for new refrigerant driven by stringent emission regulations in key automotive markets. For example, in 2013 the European Union implemented a new Mobile Air Conditioning (MAC) directives requiring that refrigerants in all new vehicle types sold in Europe have GWPs below 150. All cars sold in the Europe after 2017 must meet the new GWP requirement of less than 150. HFO-1234yf, with a GWP of less than one, will help automakers to meet this directive. Automakers are expected to shift from HFC-134A to HFO-1234yf, which is currently the only refrigerant that meets the GWP requirement. However, some suppliers have announced plans develop low GWP refrigerants to meet MAC directives.
In the United States, automakers are switching to the new refrigerant even in the absence of any mandatory requirement. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is encouraging automakers to adopt the new refrigerant, since it results in lower greenhouse emissions compared with HFC134A. Automakers that use 1234yf are eligible for tradable credit from the EPA, which help them meet new fuel economy and emission standards in the country. Chrysler is using the new refrigerant in its Chrysler 300, Jeep Grand Cherokee, Dodge Charger, and Challenger. GM uses the new refrigerant in Cadillac XTS and Chevrolet Spark. In addition, JLR is using HFO-1234yf in Range Rover and Rang Rover Sport. The Honda Fit electric vehicle also uses the new refrigerant. In December 2013, Honeywell announced a USD300m investment to increase HFO-1234yf production capacity. The company will invest in a new production for the refrigerant at its Geismar plant in Louisiana (US). The new plant is expected to become operational in 2016.
David Smith-Tilley, Director, Component Forecasts & Analysis for IHS Automotive, comments that, “For other countries, no mandate to use an alternative is in place and we don’t expect one in the near term. Thus the obligation to use an alternative only comes about for vehicles being exported to the EU. Having said that, recent G20 agreements involving the US and others plan to phase down the production and consumption of HFCs and that will encourage adoption in the medium term.” The comments are part wide-ranging article on the subject of automotive refrigerant in this month’s issue of SupplierBusiness Analysis.
Controversy
HFO-1234yf has been mired in controversy ever since Daimler conducted field tests in 2012 and concluded that the refrigerant poses fire risks. Since then the refrigerant underwent comprehensive tests and validations by several agencies including SAE, which refuted the German automaker’s claim concluding that it is safe for use in vehicles.
Last year, KBA also conducted tests on HFO-1234yf and concluded that there was no sufficient supporting evidence of a serious risk in the use of the refrigerant that should entail intervention of the authorities. However, KBA assessment also concluded that the specific test on refrigerant release under more extreme conditions had indicated instances of flammability and hydrogen fluoride exposure that deserved further analysis. This led the EC to propose that the JRC would review the KBA testing procedure.
With effect from 1 January 2013, the EU implemented new Mobile Air-Conditioning (MAC) directives which require new vehicles in the region to use refrigerant which has global warming potential (GWP) less than 150. HFO-1234yf claims to have GWP of one and is the only refrigerant which currently meets new MAC directive. In contrast, HFC-134a, the refrigerant which is used widely, has GWP of 1,430. Most automakers, except Daimler, are shifting from HFC-134a to HFO-1234yf. However, Daimler continues to maintain its stand which has fuelled a face-off between the EU and Germany. While the latest JRC report upholds the stand taken by Honeywell and DuPont, it will be interesting to see how Daimler responds to these findings. The German automaker is believed to be developing its own refrigerant to meet EU’s MAC directives.