Europe / Austria

3ev Industries Private Limited designs, develops, manufactures and operates 3-wheel electric vehicles for passenger and cargo. The company provides hyper-local connectivity solutions and provides fulfillment solutions for enterprises from distribution center to end customer. 3ev Industries Private Limited was incorporated in 2019 and is based in Doddaballapura, India.

ABT e-Line is a European vehicle manufacturer that specializes in the development and production of commercial vehicles, with a focus on alternative drives for end customers, suppliers, and manufacturers. The company is accredited in Europe and has several large series approvals. They have been involved in developing electric vehicles for over a decade, including the electrified variants of the Caddy and Transporter in cooperation with Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles. ABT e -Line is known for its...

Accelero Vehicles India Private Limited designs and manufactures electric vehicle solutions. The company offers eBik, an electric bicycle; and Ebik Smart, a retrofittable engine that convert ordinary bicycles into electric vehicles. It serves customers through authorized dealers. The company was incorporated in 2017 and is based in Delhi, India.

Aehra is an Italian electric-vehicle startup.AEHRA has been created to deliver a step-change in the design, customer, and ownership experience of ultra-premium electric vehicles (EVs). It is a privately funded global company that disrupts the existing automotive ecosystem by distilling the values of Italian design, world-class engineering and American customer service to leverage the advantages of next-generation EV powertrain packaging and technology.

Aiways Automobile Co., Ltd. manufactures and sells electric vehicles. The company provides electric-based SUV U5, U6, and U7 models. The company was founded in 2017 and is based in Shangrao, China.

Europe / Spain

Alt.Mobility operates as a platform providing electric vehicle fleet for logistics. The platform offers an electric fleet of vehicles for lease that provides intra-logistics services. The company offers parts maintenance and insurance services. The company was founded in 2020 and is based in New Delhi, India.

P33 Development BV provides car leasing and sharing services in Eindhoven. The company, through its application, enables users to reserve a car, locate it, and unlock and drive it. It also offers car leasing programs for companies. Additionally, the company provides Amber Analytics, a service which provides analysis and advice to companies to improve their corporate mobility. P33 Development BV was founded in 2016 and is based in Eindhoven, the Netherlands.

Ampere Electric Cars, Inc. manufactures electric car. Ampere Electric Cars, Inc. was incorporated in 2017 and is based in Santa Monica, California.

Ampersand Rwanda Ltd develops and manufactures electric vehicles and charging systems for motorcycle taxi drivers in East Africa. The company was founded in 2015 and is based in Kigali, Rwanda.

Apatech Motors Co., Ltd. engages in the planning, design, development, manufacture, and sale of EV vehicles. It also focusses on EV vehicle charging station maintenance business and EV vehicle battery recycling business. The company was incorporated in 2020 and is based in Tokyo, Japan.

Applied Electric Vehicles Ltd develops modular vehicle system to transport people and deliveries around urban areas. It provides a prototype for an autonomous vehicle, powered by both a solar PV roof and a lithium battery. It is designed for short and low-speed trips with passengers as well as industrial and agricultural applications. The company’s solar capacity also reduces its reliance on an electric battery. Applied Electric Vehicles Ltd was founded in 2015 and is based in Bayswater North,...

Aptera Motors Corp. designs, manufactures, and retails three wheeled electric vehicles. It uses low-drag aerodynamics and can travel 1,000 miles on a single charge just by being parked in the sun. The company was incorporated in 2019 and is based in Carlsbad, California.

Arc Vehicle Limited produces and delivers electric motorcycles. The company was incorporated in 2017 and is based in Coventry, United Kingdom.

Arrival engages in the research and development, and design of commercial electric vehicles (EVs), EVs components, robotic manufacturing processes for EVs, and associated software in the United Kingdom, the United States, Russia, and internationally. Its products portfolio includes commercial EV vans, buses, and cars. The company was formerly known as Arrival Group S.A. and changed its name to Arrival. The company was founded in 2015 and is based in Howald, Luxembourg. Arrival is a subsidiary of...

Ashnni Motors Pvt. Ltd. designs, engineers, and manufactures electric motor vehicles primarily for last-mile delivery. It offers DAPTIVE mobility-platform and AD100 electric vehicle. The company was incorporated in 2017 and is based in Pune, India.

Ather Energy Limited designs, develops, and sells electric two-wheelers, battery packs, charging infrastructure, and associated software and accessories. The company was incorporated in 2013 and is headquartered in Bengaluru, India.

Autofleet Ltd. owns and operates a platform for car rental services. The company provides machine learning algorithms for demand prediction, dynamic pricing, automated fleeting, and optimizing demand-supply matching. Autofleet Ltd. is headquartered in Tel Aviv, Israel. As of October 1, 2024, Autofleed Ltd. operates as a subsidiary of Element Fleet Management Corp. (TSX:EFN).

AutoNxt Automation Pvt. Ltd., an electric vehicle startup, builds electric and autonomous tractors. It offers electric self driving tractors, home and workplace automation systems, GPS tracking and fleet automation solutions, and technical consultancy services. The company was incorporated in 2016 and is based in Thane, India.

AVEVAI focuses on a few key industries like new energy vehicles, logistics, R&D on graphene and in AI machine learning technology. The company has nine commercial vehicle products.

AVO Mobility GmbH provides cargo bikes rental service. The company develops a mobile application through which users can access shared electric cargo bikes. AVO Mobility GmbH was incorporated in 2021 and is based in Berlin, Germany.

Avvenire Electric Vehicle International Corp. engages in the designing, producing, and selling of on-road and off-road light electric vehicles (LEVs) in North America and internationally. It offers LEVs, such as mobility scooters, regular scooters, e-bikes, e-toys, and off-road bikes, under the Tectus, Spiritus, Skyrider, Foras, Terra Ebike, and Aspero names. The company was incorporated in 2022 and is based in Las Vegas, Nevada with an additional office in Orono, Canada. Avvenire Electric Vehic...

BasiGo operates electric buses. It also operates charging depots located close to bus routes. The company was founded in 2021 and is based in Nairobi, Kenya.

Battle Approved Motors Inc. manufactures utility terrain vehicles (UTVs). The company develops electric vehicle technology for work and performance based vehicles. The company also offers Mod kids USA boot camp. The company was incorporated in 2019 and is based in Phoenix, Arizona.

Battmobiel is a Brussels-based carsharing service delivered using a 100% pure EV fleet and charging stations.

BattRE Electric Mobility Pvt. Ltd. designs and manufactures electric scooters. Its products include e-scooters and e-cycles. The company uses cloud-based general packet radio service (GPRS) to connect with a mobile app and store all vehicle-related data online. BattRE Electric Mobility Pvt. Ltd. was founded in 2017 and is based in Jaipur, India.

Beam Mobility Holdings Pte. Ltd. operates and rents a fleet of e-scooters and e-bikes in Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, South Korea, Thailand, and Taiwan. The company offers its services through a mobile application. Beam Mobility Holdings Pte. Ltd. was formerly known as Apac Escooters PTE. Ltd. The company was incorporated in 2018 and is based in Singapore.

BeyonCa manufactures smart electrical vehicles for the automotive industry with medical-grade sensors and radars. Its proprietary A1 technology monitors and detects the health conditions of the driver and passengers, and smart vehicle data is immediately sent to in-house medical experts for medical assistance. The company's technology also provides voice assistants and autonomous driving capabilities for drivers. The company was founded in 2021 and is based in China.

BGauss Auto Private Limited manufactures and sells electric vehicles. The company’s products include electric scooters. It also retails its electric scooters in exchange of old and used petrol vehicles. BGauss Auto Private Limited was incorporated in 2020 and is based in Pune, India.

Blitz Electric Mobility Pte. Ltd. engages in the manufacturing of micro-mobility vehicles that offers station-less electric scooters, mopeds, motorbikes, and e-cars. The company offers electric automobiles for delivery fleet, courier services, and domestic tasks. The company was incorporated in 2019 and is based in Singapore.

Bloom Ride SAS designs and manufactures electric bikes. It offers subscription-based electric bike rental services. The company also offers damage and theft insurance, on-demand repairs, flat tire replacement, and a connected rider application. The company was incorporated in 2021 and is based in Saint-Mandé, France.

Bluewing Motors Co., Ltd. manufactures electric motorcycles. The company converts traditional two-wheelers into electric vehicles by installing a special controller it developed together with a GPS tracker for measuring and tracking carbon footprints. Its services include motorcycle conversion, replaceable battery development, and recharging station development. The company was founded in 2019 and is based in Seoul, South Korea.

Blu-Smart Mobility Limited owns and operates a taxi hailing and riding platform. The company’s platform offers ride hailing, taxi hailing, and shared mobility services. Its products include BluSmart, an electric shared smart mobility platform. The company was incorporated in 2018 and is based in Ahmedabad, India.

Boaz Bikes Inc., doing business as Boaz, manufactures electric scooters and bikes. It also provides mobility-as-a-service solutions for electric two-wheel ride-on scooter or bike. The company was incorporated in 2018 and is based in Detroit, Michigan.

Bollinger Motors, Inc. designs, manufactures, and distributes electric trucks in the United States. The company offers Bollinger B4 Chassis Cab, which is an all-electric class 4 truck. It also offers tax credits and incentives. The company was founded in 2014 and is based in Oak Park, Michigan. As of October 18, 2024, Bollinger Motors, Inc. operates as a subsidiary of Mullen Automotive, Inc.

Bolt Mobility Corporation manufactures mobility products, including electric scooters, bikes, and mopeds for providing micromobility services at strategic locations in urban areas that allow for point-to-point travel. It offers transportation services in dense, crowded cities using electric scooters, bikes, and mopeds. It The company was incorporated in 2018 and is based in Miami, Florida.

Bond Mobility Inc., an eBike sharing company, provides micromobility services for urban transportation in the United States and Switzerland. The company was founded in 2017 and is based in Palo Alto, California with operations in Zurich and Bern, Switzerland.

Bordrin is an electric vehicle (EV) manufacturer based in China. They specialize in designing and producing electric cars with a focus on smart and sustainable mobility solutions. Bordrin filed for bankruptcy in early 2021.

Boson Motors Inc designs and manufactures light-duty powertrains and an Android-based vehicle operating system for intelligent electric light utility vehicles. It offers batteries; and Fleetwise software to control the electric light utility vehicles. The company was incorporated in 2017 and is based in San Jose, California.

Brooklyness, Inc.,doing business as Beyond, manufactures and rents electric scooters on subscription basis. The company was founded in 2015 and is based in New York, New York.

BUSttle Eco Ride Sdn Bhd provides ride sharing services in Cyberjaya, Bandar Utama/Taman Tun Dr. Ismail, and Bangsar. The company develops Tumpang, a mobile Web application that allows users to get taxi for pick-up and drop-off services. The company was founded in 2015 and is based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Byton develops electric cars with a focus on smart and connected features. It aims to integrate cutting-edge technology into their electric vehicles, offering features such as large display screens, advanced connectivity, and autonomous driving capabilities. The company filed for bankruptcy in 2023.

Cake 0 Emission AB manufactures and sells electric off-road motorbikes and their parts. It provides electric bikes, spare parts and accessories, apparel, helmets, and books. It sells its products online. The company was founded in 2016 and is based in Stockholm, Sweden. It has additional offices in Salzburg, Germany; Salt Lake City, Utah; Taichung, Taiwan; and Dalarö, Sweden.

Canoo Inc., a mobility technology company, designs, develops, markets, and manufactures electric vehicles for consumer, commercial fleet, government, and military customers in the United States. The company utilizes its multi-purpose platform architecture, a self-contained, fully functional rolling chassis that directly houses the critical components for operation of an electric vehicle, including its in-house designed proprietary electric drivetrain, battery systems, advanced vehicle control el...

Cellprop Private Limited, doing business as Cell Propulsion, designs and develops electric power drives and autonomous electric mobility solutions for electronic vehicles. Cellprop Private Limited develops competencies and proprietary intellectual property in automotive engineering, energy storage, electromagnetic machines, and vehicle autonomy to provide cost effective, rapid turnaround, mobility solutions to global customers. The company’s products include battery pack, battery management sy...

Centaur Automotive Pvt Ltd manufactures electric bikes. It also provides bike renting services. The company was incorporated in 2016 and is based in Hyderabad, India.

CerebrumX Labs Inc. designs, develops, and offers an automotive data management platform augmented with contextual information. It offers solutions, such as data access, usage-based insurance, fleet management, aftermarket, OEM, and media. The platform consists of features, such as CXDataKit, CXInsight, CXPrism, a consent management system, and data privacy and anonymization. CerebrumX Labs Inc. was incorporated in 2020 and is based in Novi, Michigan with an additional office in Gurugram, India.

Changzhou Hongji Bike Intelligent Transportation Means Co.,Ltd. manufactures bicycles. The company’s products include E-scooter, E-bike, and bicycle. Changzhou Hongji Bike Intelligent Transportation Means Co.,Ltd. was founded in 2017 and is headquartered in Changzhou, China.

Chanje Energy, Inc. manufactures and delivers ground-up electric trucks and turnkey energy infrastructure solutions for the commercial last mile industry. The company was founded in 2015 and is based in Burlingame, California. Chanje Energy, Inc. operates as a subsidiary of FDG Strategic Investment Limited.

Circuit Transit Inc. builds all-electric community mobility solutions that focus on short distances. Its tech-enabled shuttle services provide first/last-mile connections to mass transit, encourage visitors to park only once, and get people out of their cars for short trips. Circuit Transit Inc. was formerly known as TFR Transit Inc. and changed its name to Circuit Transit Inc. May 2019. The company was founded in 2011 and is based in Wainscott, New York.

citkar GmbH manufactures electric cargo bike and cars. The company also manufactures four-wheeled cargo pedelec. citkar GmbH was founded in 2018 and is based in Berlin, Germany.

City Transformer provides a folding EV Platform which has the ability to shrink its track-width during driving and parking in order to fit into designated narrow traffic lanes.

Compredict GmBH provides AI-enabled software solutions for predictive maintenance, vehicle health, and usage monitoring. It offers component and driver analytics, a software-based load monitoring system, and the prediction of automotive components and systems. It serves automotive OEM and suppliers, and telematics companies. The company was incorporated in 2016 and is based in Darmstadt, Germany.

Concept GEEBEE Inc. designs, manufactures, and markets motorized transportation vehicles. The company offers an electric scooter under the brand GEEBEE. It also offers accessories, including front basket and mudguards. In addition, the company provides advertising services through bikes. The company was incorporated in 2013 and is headquartered in Sherbrooke, Canada. It has additional offices in France and Belgium.

Creatara Mobility Private Limited engages in the research and development, testing, manufacture, and distribution of electric vehicles. The company was incorporated in 2018 and is based in New Delhi, India.

Dagmy Motors operates as an automobile manufacturers company. It manufactures motor vehicles. The company is based in the United States.

Daloop is a software company that provides hardware-agnostic Software as a Service (SaaS) for charge point operators, energy providers, fleet operators, and charging equipment manufacturers to manage and control access to EV charging infrastructure and mixed-vehicle fleets. Their cloud-native software allows users to monitor, manage, and control charging infrastructure, handle payments, invoicing, and reporting through an advanced yet easy-to-use platform. Daloop has been at the forefront of e-m...

Dandera Technologies Pvt. Ltd. manufactures electric vehicles. The company develops OTUA, a three wheeler electric car. Dandera Technologies Pvt. Ltd. was incorporated in 2020 and is based in Gurgaon, India.

DeepDrive GmbH designs and manufactures gearless in-wheel motor for electric vehicles. The company was incorporated in 2021 and is based in Munich, Germany.

Conigital Ltd offers integrated transport automation software. The company’s software include ConICAV, an integrated solution to improve asset management, customer experience, and operational efficiency; ConAV, a vehicle automation solution; ConAPP, a passenger mobility application that provides passengers and operators with access to automated vehicle services on their mobile devices; ConOP, an operational asset management platform; CONNIE, an in-vehicle concierge, infotainment, and entertain...

DelFast delivers goods by the electric bikes for online retailers and individuals. The company is based in Kyiv, Ukraine.

Delta X Automotive Pvt Ltd designs, develops, and manufactures e-scooters. The company was incorporated in 2020 and is based in Bengaluru, India.

Diyev, Inc. provides do it yourself electric vehicles kits. The company’s electric vehicle kits includes motors and powertrains, batteries and BMS products, controllers and accessories, and design and build battery packs. It sells its products online. The company was incorporated in 2018 and is based in Sarasota, Florida.

Dodai Group, Inc. manufactures electric mobility battery for electric vehicle. The company provides battery swapping service. It also provides cost-effective scooters specifically crafted for the needs of mobility gig workers and commuters in Africa. The company was incorporated in 2021 and is headquartered in New Castle, Delaware.

Dollaride, Inc. operates a platform that facilitates ridesharing through mobile applications for the New York City commuter van industry. Its driver application enables drivers to accept digital payments and expand their service territory along new routes available in iOS and Android; and passenger application enables riders to find routes and drivers, and pay their fares using credit/debit cards. The company was incorporated in 2016 and is based in Brooklyn, New York.

emTransit BV designs and develops shared e-scooters and e-bikes for short-distance travel. The company also develops an application that is available on App Store and Google Play. emTransit BV was founded in 2018 and is based in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. It has additional offices in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Poland.

Drive Lah Pte. Ltd. owns and operates an car sharing platform. It offers to rent car, share car, and instant booking. The company was incorporated in 2019 and is based in Singapore.

Drive.SG Pte. Ltd. operates an online portal to connect car rental agencies and consumers. Its platform allows consumers to book cars for short-term self drive, long-term car leasing, chauffeur driven, worldwide car rental, wedding car rental, and supercar rental services. Drive.SG Pte. Ltd. was formerly known as Anable IT Solutions Pte Ltd. The company was founded in 2010 and is based in Singapore with operations in Japan, Malaysia, and Indonesia.

DroidDrive GmbH manufactures automated light electric four-wheel vehicles for logistics. The company provides electrical autonomous vehicles in the form of a train for passenger and goods transportation on longer distances within cities and industrial areas. DroidDrive GmbH was founded in 2018 and is based in Aachen, Germany.

Dubuc Motors Inc. designs and manufactures electric sports cars in North America. The company was founded in 2013 and is based in Newark, Delaware with an additional location in Québec, Canada.

Dust Motorcycles, Inc. builds and sells electric bikes. The company was incorporated in 2023 and is based in Bend, Oregon.

EAAU SAS manufactures electric bikes. The company was incorporated in 2018 and is based in Paris, France.

Think Ebikego Pvt. Ltd. operates eBike Go, an electric two-wheeler rental platform. The company's platform facilitates last-mile delivery for industries, including e-commerce, food delivery, groceries, and urban mobility that outsource their last-mile to the company. The company was founded in 2017 and is based in Mumbai, India.

eBikeLabs SAS manufactures electric bicycles. The company was founded in 2015 and is based in Corenc, France.

Einride AB provides transportation of goods. The company also manufactures Einride Pods, the electric trucks for road freight transportation of pallets, timber, and perishable goods. It also offers clients to plan, order, and track sustainable transport. The company was founded in 2016 and is based in Stockholm, Sweden with additional offices in Gothenburg, Sweden; New York, New York; and Austin, Texas.

Ejaro operates a peer-to-peer (P2P) vehicle sharing platform that allows car owners to rent out their cars to those in need of one. the company operates through a website and a mobile application. The company was founded in 2019 and is based in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Electorq Technologies Private Limited designs and manufactures self-ride electric scooters under the brand “BAZZ” in India. It also offers fleet management solutions to fleet operators. The company was founded in 2019 and is based in New Delhi, India.

Eli Electric Vehicles, Inc. designs and manufactures electric vehicles. Its product includes Eli ZERO, an electric vehicle for daily short trips and commutes. The company was founded in 2015 and is based in Los Angeles, California.

Embedl Ab develops an application which enables to deploy deep learning on hardware using less energy and shorten the product development cycle. The company was founded in 2018 and is based in Gothenburg, Sweden.

EMD s.a.s. manufactures electrically assisted three wheelers utility vehicles. The company was incorporated in 2012 and is based in Champagne-Au-Mont-D'Or, France.

Emobi Co., Ltd. engages in manufacturing for mobility in general, centered on electric vehicles. The company offers services, such as E-Rickshaw rental service, mobility, energy, and traveling services. The company was founded in December 2020 and is based in Tokyo, Japan.

North America / Canada

Enova Design Pty Ltd. manufactures electric scooters. Its products include raine one, an electric scooter; riding gloves; and charging cable. The company was incorporated in 2018 and is based in Fitzroy, Australia.

Enovate Motors is a manufacturer of electric vehicles in mainland China. The company is specialized in designing and developing EVs and innovative controlling systems.

Enuu AG offers free LEV sharing service that is based on an intelligent and efficient light electric vehicle. The company develops an app, Enuu, which displays the user's current location and zone where the service is available. The user can open the vehicle using the app and can drive freely around the given zone. Enuu AG is based in Biel, Switzerland.

Europe / Germany

eROCKIT Systems GmbH manufactures pedal-powered electric motorcycle. Its products, include eROCKIT Limited Edition 100. eROCKIT Systems GmbH was formerly known as EROCKIT Systems UG (haftungsbeschränkt). The company was incorporated in 2014 and is based in Hennigsdorf, Germany.

Eskuta Limited designs and manufactures electric vehicles for the e-cargo and leisure markets. Its products include electric kick scooters, folding bikes, delivery bikes, leisure bikes, mopeds, and accessories. The company also provides hiring a bike to own scheme that charges a nominal amount per week to let the users own the bike within an year. Eskuta Limited was incorporated in 2014 and is based in Nuneaton, United Kingdom.

Etrio Automobiles Private Limited designs and manufactures electric vehicles. The company offers electric light commercial vehicles, electric bicycles, electric cars, and electric three wheelers. It also offers eTRIO custom application for electric vehicle or fleet summary. Etrio Automobiles Private Limited was incorporated in 2017 and is based in Hyderabad, India.

ev Transportation Services, Inc. manufactures an all-electric commercial light utility vehicle with real-time, cloud-connected tracking, routing, and performance monitoring solutions. The company offers its vehicles for parking control and curb management, security and perimeter control, last-mile urban delivery, and property and grounds maintenance markets. The company was incorporated in 2015 and is based in Brookline, Massachusetts.

EVage Ventures Pvt. Ltd. manufactures passenger and commercial electric vehicles. The company provides electric vehicles, such as SUVs, vans, delivery vehicles, and trucks. Its technology offers features, such as exoskeleton structure, aluminum composite shell, active safety crash system, battery swapping system, motor controller, and modular suspension. The company was founded in 2014 and is based in Mohali, India.

EVEE AUSTRALIA PTY LTD operates an electric car sharing platform that allows owners to reduce the cost of ownership and gives travelers electric cars for rent. The company was incorporated in 2015 and is based in Canberra, Australia.

EVELO Inc. manufactures electric bicycles. It offers its products directly, as well as online in the United States and Canada. The company was incorporated in 2012 and is headquartered in New York, New York.

EVhicle Mobility Pvt. Ltd. designs and manufactures electric vehicles and EV systems. The company offers a 3-wheeler e-cargo L5N category EV platform, vehicle controller unit with telematics, and range extender for electric light commercial vehicles. The company was incorporated in 2020 and is based in Pune, India.

Evolectric Incorporated manufactures electric vehicles and battery services. It provides electrified transportation and battery technologies, which encompass purpose-built vehicles and battery technology. The company was incorporated in 2019 and is based in Long Beach, California with additional offices in Bogotá, Colombia.

eZhire Technologies FZ-LLC engages in connecting renters to car rental companies through a mobile application. The application allows users to get the car of their choice delivered to them and rent it out for as many days required. It offers economy, mid size, full size, sports utility vehicle, luxury, and people carrier cars for rent. It provides its services in Dubai, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Ajman, and Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates. The company was founded in 2016 and is headquartered in Du...

Faraday Future Intelligent Electric Inc. engages in the design, development, manufacture, engineering, distribution, and sale of electric vehicles and related products in the United States. The company’s technology comprises variable platform architecture, propulsion system, Internet, autonomous driving, and intelligence system. It offers products, including FF 91 series, the FX 5 series, the FX 6 series, and the FX Super One series. Faraday Future Intelligent Electric Inc. was formerly known ...

FattE PBC, doing business as FattE-Bikes, designs and manufactures electric bikes. It offers mountain bikes, fat tire bikes, and cargo bikes. The company was incorporated in 2017 and is based in Denver, Colorado.

Fellow Group Co., Ltd. operates as a next-generation electric mobility manufacturer "veracity". The company was founded in 2021 and is based in Asakuchi, Japan.