Over the past 30 years, automakers in the European Union region have succeeded in reducing the emissions of harmful pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOX), and particulate matter (PM) from new vehicles, thanks to increasingly stringent emission standards implemented by the European Commission. According to the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA), vehicular emissions have decreased by 90% between the Euro 1 and Euro 6 emission standards. As emissions from v...