Hardware consolidation in modern vehicles is no longer the industry's defining challenge, although it remains far from complete. The direction of travel is clear: from dozens of discrete electronic control units (ECUs) toward fewer, more capable compute platforms. Domain-centric solutions, including ADAS domain controllers (ADCs) and cockpit domain controllers (CDCs), have been the dominant intermediate step and are likely to remain the largest part of the industry for at least the next decade. ...

As global EV sales growth moderates and several markets point to a prolonged slowdown, the battery recycling ecosystem built on the assumption of a steep ramp-up in EV penetration now faces a stark mismatch between supply and demand. Fleets of first‑generation EVs are only just beginning to reach the end‑of‑life (EOL), yet recycling facilities and technology platforms have been scaled on the expectation of a flood of spent packs that may now arrive later, slower, or in smaller volumes than...